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Table of Contents

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Overview

OneStrata has a large number of fields and terms related to costs and cost calculations, in order to effectively handle complex pricing scenarios that may involve multiple types of currencies.

  • Cost Methods
  • Currencies
  • Cost Types
AnchorCost-MethodsCost-MethodsCost Methods
  • methods: The cost method defines what types of cost-related fields interact in which types of ways, in order to determine what is billed to the client, what is paid to the vendor, and what is income to the agency
  • Agency, Client, and Vendor Currencies: What type of currency or currencies the agency, client, and vendor transact in.
  • Cost Types: Cost- and rate-related fields

Anchor
Cost-Methods
Cost-Methods
Cost Methods

Cost methods define what type of cost-related fields are available, and how they are calculated. Depending on the selected cost method option, some cost-related fields are related and can be calculated from each other, and some fields are not. 

Each top-level line on a Schedule Grid (a Cost Package, a standalone Media Package that is not part of a Cost Package, or a standalone Placement) can apply a different cost method.

There are three cost method options:

  • Standard: Available for all OneStrata enterprises by default
  • Margin: Gated and managed by FreeWheel, available on request

  • Allocated: Available for all OneStrata enterprises by default 
Cost MethodDescription

Anchor
Standard-Cost-Method
Standard-Cost-Method
Standard Cost Method

Vendor costs and client costs are connected: Vendor Gross

Cost Methods are like pricing models; they define which Schedule Grid fields accept user-inputted values and which formulas are applied to those fields in order to calculate what is paid to the Vendor or billed to the Client. Each top-level line on a Schedule Grid (a Cost Package, a Media Package that is not part of a Cost Package, or a Placement that is not part of a Media or Cost Package) can apply a different Cost Method.

OneStrata has three Cost Method options:

  • Standard Cost Method
  • Margin Cost Method
  • Allocated Cost Method

Depending on Enterprise or Agency settings, the Margin Cost Method and Allocated Cost Method options might not be available.

Cost MethodDescription AnchorStandard-Cost-MethodStandard-Cost-MethodStandard Cost MethodVendor costs and Client costs are connected: Vendor Gross

Cost = Client Gross Cost

If one set of

Vendor

vendor or

Client

client costs (a combination of Unit and Rate, Unit and Total Cost, or Rate and Total Cost) are defined, all other Cost Types, like Client Commission or Vendor Discount, can be calculated from that set.

Anchor
Margin-Cost-Method
Margin-Cost-Method
Margin Cost Method

Vendor costs and

Client costs If one set of Vendor

client costs are not directly connected, and are calculated separately: Vendor Net Cost =/= Client Net Cost

  • The difference between the Vendor Net Cost and the Client Net Cost creates a "margin", which is income to the Agency.
  • If one set of vendor costs are defined, the other

    Vendor

    vendor 

    Cost Types

    cost types can be calculated from that set but the

    Client Cost Types

    client cost types cannot, and vice versa.

    Vendor and

    Client

    client costs are connected by a third value, the Margin Percentage value

    . For example, 

    :

    • Vendor Net Cost = Client Net Cost - (Client Net Cost x Margin Percentage)
     anchor
    • The difference between the Vendor Net Cost and the Client Net Cost creates a "margin", which is income to the Agency. This amount is captured in the Other Income value.

    Anchor
    Allocated-Cost-Method
    Allocated-Cost-Method
    Allocated Cost Method

    Used for when the agency is charging the client a fee, which is a % of

    The client has allocated, or set aside, a fixed amount of budget to cover both the cost of the media

    plus that allocated fee. So user enters the Allocated amount for the line, applies

    and

    allocated fee, then the client net cost of that line = the allocated amount less any of the allocated fees. Then all other costs and rates are calculated form the client net cost using the standard set of formulas
    • Used when the Agency is charging the client a fee that is a % of the cost of the media plus that allocated fee.
    • Add media budget including a Percentage of Media fee into the Allocated Amount (CC).

    any related agency fees.

    Costs are calculated in the following order:

    1. The Allocated Amount is entered.
    2. The Allocated Fee Cost is calculated and subtracted from the Allocated Amount. The difference is the Client Net Cost.
      1. Client Net Cost = Allocated Amount - Allocated Fee Cost
    3. All other costs and rates are calculated from the Client Net Cost, similar to the Standard cost method option.


     

    Anchor
    Currencies
    Currencies
    Currencies

    OneStrata provides support for up to three different currencies within a single transaction:

    • Vendor Agency Currency, or VC AC for short
    • Agency Client Currency, or AC CC for short
    • Client Vendor Currency, or CC VC for short

    Costs and rates are shown in one or more of these currencies, with VC, with AC, CC, or CC VC appended to indicate which currency type the value is in.

    Currency TypeDescriptionOrigin

    Anchor

    Vendor

    Agency-Currency

    Vendor

    Agency-Currency

    Vendor

    Agency Currency

    VC

    Payable

    AC

    Base Currency

    Local Currency


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-key
    Vendor
    Agency-Currency

    The currency in which the Agency

    pays the Vendor

    transacts.

    Each

    All cost

    line

    lines in a campaign

    can

    must be in

    a different Vendor

    the same Agency Currency.

    Vendor


    Agency Currency is defined

    in the Vendor Contract:

    on the Agency record, on the Administration > Entity Management >

    Contracts

    Agencies > (Specific

    Contract

    Agency)

    A contract may have one or more Vendor Currencies.

    AnchorAgency-CurrencyAgency-CurrencyAgency Currency

    AC

    Base Currency

    Local Currency

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyAgency-Currency

    The currency in which the Agency transacts. All cost lines in a campaign must be in the same Agency Currency.

    Agency Currency is defined in the Agency record: Administration > Entity Management > Agencies > (Specific Agency) > Details.

    Each Agency has only one Agency Currency.

    AnchorClient-CurrencyClient-CurrencyClient Currency

    CC

    Billing Currency

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Currency

    The currency in which the Agency bills the Client. All cost lines in a campaign must be in the same Client Currency.

    Client Currency is defined in the Client record: Administration > Entity Management > Clients > (Specific Client) > Details.

    Each Client has only one Client Currency.

    > Details tab.

    Each Agency has only one Agency Currency.

    Anchor
    Client-Currency
    Client-Currency
    Client Currency

    CC

    Billing Currency


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Currency

    The currency in which the Agency bills the Client. All cost lines in a campaign must be in the same Client Currency.


    Client Currency is defined on the Client record, on the Administration > Entity Management > Clients > (Specific Client) > Details tab.

    Each Client has only one Client Currency.

    Anchor
    Vendor-Currency
    Vendor-Currency
    Vendor Currency

    VC

    Payable Currency



    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyVendor-Currency

    The currency in which the Agency pays the Vendor. Each cost line in a campaign can be in a different Vendor Currency.


    Vendor Currency is defined on the Contract record, on the Administration > Entity Management > Contracts > (Specific Contract) tab.

    A Contract may have one or more Vendor Currencies.



    Anchor
    Cost-Types
    Cost-Types
    Cost Types

    In OneStrata, cost types—fields related to calculating costs—are broadly grouped into three types:

    • Client costs: Costs between the agency and the client
    • Vendor costs: Costs between the agency and the vendor
    • Other costs: Non-client-related and non-vendor-related costs

    When a cost type is displayed or used, it specifies which type of currency the cost type is in:

    • Example: Vendor Net Cost (VC) refers to the vendor net cost, displayed in the Vendor Currency
    • Example: Vendor Net Cost (CC) refers to the vendor net cost, displayed in the Client Currency
     
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    Cost Type GroupCost TypeDescriptionOriginCalculation (Standard Cost Model With 1 Tax)
    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Commission
    Client-Commission
    Client Commission


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Commission

    The amount of commission that the client is charged.


    CalculatedClient Commission = Client Commission Percentage x Client Commission Basis
    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Commission-Percentage
    Client-Commission-Percentage
    Client Commission Percentage

    Client Commission Rule

    Client Commission %

    Commission Percent



    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Commission-Percentage

    The percentage of commission that the client is charged.


    Defined on the Administration > Entity Management > Clients >(Specific Client) > Commissions tab

    N/A
    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Commission-Basis
    Client-Commission-Basis
    Client Commission Basis

    Commission Basis

    Basis


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Commission-Basis

    The cost type that the Client Commission Percentage is applied to: Client Gross Cost or Client Net Cost.

    • Client Gross Cost: 
      Include A Shared Block Inline
      shared-block-keyClient-Gross-Cost
      pageCosts and Calculations
    • Client Net Cost:
      Include A Shared Block Inline
      shared-block-keyClient-Net-Cost
      pageCosts and Calculations


    Defined on the Administration > Entity Management > Clients >(Specific Client) > Commissions tabN/A
    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Discount
    Client-Discount
    Client Discount

    Client Passback

    The amount of the Vendor Discount that is passed on to the client.


    • Vendor Discount:
      Include A Shared Block Inline
      shared-block-keyVendor-Discount
      pageCosts and Calculations


    CalculatedClient Discount = Vendor Discount x Client Passback Percentage
    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Discount-Percentage
    Client-Discount-Percentage
    Client Discount Percentage

    Client Discount Rule

    Client Discount %


    The percentage of the Vendor Net Cost or Vendor Gross Cost that is passed on to the client as a discount.


    • Vendor Net Cost:
      Include A Shared Block Inline
      shared-block-keyVendor-Net-Cost
      pageCosts and Calculations
    • Vendor Gross Cost:
      Include A Shared Block Inline
      shared-block-keyVendor-Gross-Cost
      pageCosts and Calculations
    CalculatedClient Discount Percentage = Vendor Discount Percentage
     x Client Passback Percentage
    Client

    Client Gross Cost

    Anchor
    Client-Gross-Cost
    Client-Gross-Cost

    Client Gross


    A Shared Block
    AnchorCost-TypesCost-TypesCost Types

    In OneStrata, Cost Types—fields related to calculating costs—are broadly grouped into three types:

    • Client costs
    • Vendor costs
    • Other costs

    When a Cost Type is displayed or used, it specifies which Currency Type the Cost Type is in. For example, Vendor Net Cost (VC) or Vendor Net Cost (CC)

    Client Commission
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    worklog365|5|8|y w d h m|y w d h m
    isORAND
    Cost Type GroupCost TypeDescriptionOriginCalculation (Cost Model Standard With 1 Tax)
    Client
    Anchor
    Client-CommissionClient-Commission
    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Commission

    The amount of commission that the Agency charges the Client.

    CalculatedClient Commission = Client Commission Percentage x Client Commission BasisClient AnchorClient-Commission-PercentageClient-Commission-PercentageClient Commission Percentage

    Client Commission Rule

    Client Commission %

    Commission Percent

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Commission-Percentage

    The percentage of commission that the Agency charges the Client.

    Defined in Administration > Entity Management > Client >(Specific Client) > CommissionN/AClient AnchorClient-Commission-BasisClient-Commission-BasisClient Commission Basis

    Commission Basis

    Basis

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Commission-Basis

    The Cost Type that the Client Commission Percentage is applied to:

    Client Gross Cost: include-shared-block-inline
    shared-block-keyClient-Gross-Cost

    The amount that the client is quoted, before any discounts are applied.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated

    Client Gross = Vendor Gross

    Client

    Client Net Cost

    pageCosts and Calculations

    Anchor
    Client-Net-Cost
    Client-Net-Cost

    Client Net

    Cost:

    include-


    A Shared Block
    -inline
    shared-block-keyClient-Net-Cost
    pageCosts and CalculationsDefined in Administration > Entity Management > Client >(Specific Client) > Commission

    The amount that the client is charged for the media purchases, after any discounts are applied but before any commission or taxes are added.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated

    Client Net = Client Gross - Client Discount

    N/A


    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Net-

    Discount

    Rate
    Client-Net-

    Discount

    Rate
    Client

    Discount

    Client Passback

    The amount of the Vendor Discount that the Agency passes on to the Client.

    Net Rate


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Net-Rate

    The cost per unit that the client is charged.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    • Defined in Administration > Reference Data > Fees & Tech Rates > (Specific Fee Record) > Client Rate Details

    N/A

    CalculatedClient Discount = Vendor Discount x Client Passback Percentage

    Client

    Anchor
    Client-

    Discount

    Passback-Percentage
    Client-

    Discount

    Passback-Percentage
    Client

    Discount

    Passback Percentage

    Client

    Discount

    Passback Rule

    Client

    Discount

    Passback %

    The percentage of

    Vendor Net Cost or Vendor Gross Cost that the Agency passes on the Client Client Discount Percentage =

    the Vendor Discount that is passed on to the client as a discount.

    Calculated

    Percentage x Client Passback Percentage
    • :
      include-
    ClientClient Gross Cost AnchorClient-Gross-CostClient-Gross-Cost

    Client Gross

    • A Shared Block-inline
      shared-block-key
    Client-Gross-Cost

    The amount that the Agency quotes the Client, before any discounts are applied.

    • Vendor-Discount
      pageCosts and Calculations

    Defined in

    Administration > Entity Management > Client > (Specific Client) > Passbacks
    N/A
    Client
    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated

    Client Gross = Vendor Gross

    ClientClient Net Cost

    Anchor
    Client-

    Net-Cost

    Tax
    Client-

    Net-Cost

    Tax
    Client

    Net

    Tax


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-
    Net-Cost
    Tax

    The

    amount that the Agency charges the Client for the media purchase(s), after any discounts are applied but before any commission or taxes are added.

    tax on activity that the client is charged, not including any commission.


    Calculated

    Depending on Client Tax Rule settings:

    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Vendor Gross
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Vendor Net
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Client Gross
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Client Net
    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    Client Net = Client Gross - Client Discount
    Client

    Anchor
    Client-Tax-

    Passback

    on-

    Percentage

    Commission
    Client-Tax-

    Passback

    on-

    Percentage

    Commission
    Client

    Passback Percentage

    Client Passback Rule

    Client Passback %

    The percentage of the Vendor Discount that the Agency passes on to the Client.

    Defined in

    Administration > Entity Management > Client > (Specific Client) > PassbacksN/A

    Tax on Commission


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Tax-on-Commission

    The tax on commission that the client is charged.


    CalculatedClient Tax on Commission = Client Tax Rule x Client Commission
    Client

    Client Total Cost

    Anchor
    Client-Total-Cost
    Client-Total-Cost

    Client Total

    Client AnchorClient-RateClient-RateClient Rate


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Total-
    Rate
    Cost

    The

    cost per unit that the Agency charges the Client

    N/A

    Client

    amount that the client is charged, after any discounts are applied and commission is added, but before any taxes are added.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
  • Defined in Administration > Reference Data > Fees & Tech Rates > (Specific Fee Record) > Client Rate Details
  • Client Total = Client Net + Client Commission
    Client

    Client Total Cost with Tax

    Anchor
    Client-Total-Cost-with-Tax
    Client-Total-Cost-with-Tax

    Client Total with Tax


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyClient-Total-Cost-with-Tax

    The

    tax on activity that the Agency charges the Client, not including any commission

    amount that the client is charged, after any discounts are applied and after any commission or taxes are added.


    Calculated
    Depending on
    Client
    Tax Rule settings:
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Vendor Gross
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Vendor Net
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Client Gross
    • Client Tax = Client Tax Rule x Client Net
    Total Cost with Tax = Client Total + Client Tax on Cost + Client Tax on Commission
    Vendor

    Anchor
    Vendor-Discount-Percentage
    Vendor-Discount-Percentage
    Vendor Discount Percentage

    Vendor Discount Rule

    Vendor Discount %

    The percentage of Vendor Net Cost or Vendor Gross Cost that the Vendor gives as a discount.


    Client AnchorClient-Tax-on-CommissionClient-Tax-on-CommissionClient Tax on Commissionshared-block
    • shared-block-key
    Client
    • Vendor-
    Tax
    • Gross-
    on-Commission

    The tax on commission that the Agency charges the Client.

    • Cost
      pageCosts and Calculations
    Defined in Administration > Entity Management > Contracts > (Specific Contract)N/A
    Vendor

    Anchor
    Vendor-Discount
    Vendor-Discount
    Vendor Discount

    Vendor Discount Cost

    CalculatedClient Tax on Commission = Client Tax Rule x Client CommissionClientClient Total Cost AnchorClient-Total-CostClient-Total-CostClient Total


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-key
    Client
    Vendor-
    Total-Cost
    Discount

    The amount

    that the Agency charges the Client, after any discounts are applied and commission is added, but before any taxes are added.

    of the discount that the vendor gives.


    Calculated

    Depending on the Vendor contract:

    • Vendor Discount = Vendor Net x  (1 / (1 - Vendor Discount Percentage) - 1)
    • Vendor Discount = Vendor Gross x Vendor Discount Percentage
    Vendor

    Anchor
    Vendor-Gross-Cost
    Vendor-Gross-Cost
    Vendor Gross Cost

    Vendor Gross

    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    Client Total = Client Net + Client CommissionClientClient Total Cost with Tax AnchorClient-Total-Cost-with-TaxClient-Total-Cost-with-TaxClient Total with Tax


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-key
    Client
    Vendor-
    Total
    Gross-Cost
    -with-Tax

    The amount that the

    Agency charges the Client, after any

    vendor quotes, before any standard discounts are applied and

    after

    any

    commission or

    taxes are added.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    Client Total Cost with Tax = Client Total + Client Tax on Cost + Client Tax on CommissionVendor AnchorVendor-Discount-PercentageVendor-Discount-PercentageVendor Discount Percentage

    Vendor Discount Rule

    Vendor Discount %

    The percentage of Vendor Net Cost or Vendor Gross Cost that the Vendor gives to the Agency as a discount.

    Defined in Administration > Entity Management > Contracts > (Specific Contract)N/A
    Vendor Gross = Vendor Net  + Vendor Discount 
    Vendor

    Vendor Net Cost

    Vendor

    Anchor
    Vendor-
    Discount
    Net-Cost
    Vendor
    -DiscountVendor Discount
    -Net-Cost

    Vendor

    Discount Cost

    Net


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyVendor-
    Discount
    Net-Cost

    The amount

    of the discount

    that the

    Vendor gives to the Agency.Calculated

    Depending on the Vendor contract:

  • Vendor Discount = Vendor Net x  (1 / (1 - Vendor Discount Percentage) - 1)
  • Vendor Discount = Vendor Gross x Vendor Discount Percentage

    vendor charges for the media purchase(s), after any discounts are applied but before any taxes are added.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    Vendor Net = Vendor Gross - Vendor Discount
    Vendor

    Anchor
    Vendor-

    Gross

    Net-

    Cost

    Rate
    Vendor-

    Gross

    Net-

    Cost

    Rate
    Vendor

    Gross Cost

    Vendor Gross

    Net Rate



    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyVendor-
    Gross
    Net-
    Cost
    Rate

    The

    amount that the Vendor quotes the Agency, before any standard discounts are applied and any taxes are added

    cost per unit that the vendor charges.


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    Vendor Gross = Vendor Net  + Vendor Discount Vendor
    • Defined in Administration > Reference Data > Fees & Tech Rates > (Specific Fee Record) > Vendor Rate Details

    N/A

    Vendor
    Vendor Net Cost

    Anchor
    Vendor-

    Net

    Tax-Cost
    Vendor-

    Net

    Tax-Cost
    Vendor Tax Cost

    Vendor

    Net

    Tax


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyVendor-
    Net
    Tax-Cost

    The

    amount that the Vendor charges the Agency for the media purchase(s), after any discounts are applied but before any taxes are added.

    tax on activity that the vendor charges.


    Calculated

    Depending on Vendor Tax Rule settings:

    • Vendor Tax = Vendor Net x Vendor Tax Percentage
    • Vendor Tax = Vendor Gross x Vendor Tax Percentage
    Vendor

    Anchor
    Vendor-Total-Cost
    Vendor-Total-Cost
    Vendor Total Cost

    Vendor Total


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyVendor-Total-Cost

    The amount that the vendor charges, after any discounts are applied but before any taxes are added.




    Other

    Anchor
    Allocated-Amount
    Allocated-Amount
    Allocated Amount


    Info

    Allocated Amount is part of the Allocated cost method.

    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    Vendor Net = Vendor Gross - Vendor DiscountVendor AnchorVendor-RateVendor-RateVendor Rate
    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyVendor-Rate

    The cost per unit that the Vendor charges the Agency.

    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    • Defined in Administration > Reference Data > Fees & Tech Rates > (Specific Fee Record) > Vendor Rate Details

    N/A

    Vendor AnchorVendor-Tax-CostVendor-Tax-CostVendor Tax CostVendor Tax

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-key
    Vendor
    Allocated-
    Tax-Cost

    The tax on activity that the Vendor charges the Agency.

    Calculated

    Depending on Vendor Tax Rule settings:

    • Vendor Tax = Vendor Net x Vendor Tax Percentage
    • Vendor Tax = Vendor Gross x Vendor Tax Percentage
    Amount

    The client budget allocated to a media line within the schedule.


    Entered in schedule

    N/A

    Other

    Anchor
    Allocated-Fee-Cost
    Allocated-Fee-Cost
    Allocated Fee Cost

    Allocated Fee


    Info

    Allocated Fee Cost is part of the Allocated cost method.

    Vendor AnchorVendor-Total-CostVendor-Total-CostVendor Total CostVendor Total

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-key
    Vendor
    Allocated-
    Total
    Fee-Cost
    The amount that the Vendor charges the Agency, after any discounts are applied but before any taxes are added.

    Client Net Cost of any fees applied to the line, where the fee is a percentage of the Allocated Amount.


    Calculated

    N/A

    Other

    Margin Percentage

    Anchor
    Margin-Percentage
    Margin-Percentage

    Margin Rule

    Margin %


    Info

    Margin Percentage is part of the Margin cost method.

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyMargin-Percentage
    The difference between

    The difference between the cost of a media purchase (Vendor Net Cost

    (the amount that the Agency pays the Vendor

    ) and the price at which it is sold (Client Net Cost

    (the amount that the Agency charges the Client) that the Agency keeps as income.
  • Entered in schedule
  • Calculated

    ), as a percentage of the price at which it is sold (Client Net Cost).

    Margin Percentage = (Client Net Cost - Vendor Net Cost) / Client Net Cost


    • Entered in schedule
    • Calculated
    N/A
    Other

    Anchor

    Allocated

    Other-

    AmountAllocated

    Income-

    AmountAllocated Amount
    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyAllocated-Amount

    The client budget allocated to the media line within the schedule

    Entered in schedule

    N/A

    Other AnchorAllocated-Fee-CostAllocated-Fee-CostAllocated Fee Cost

    Cost
    Other-Income-Cost
    Other Income Cost

    Other Income


    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyOther-Income

    The general term for any type of additional income that an agency makes, aside from commission.

    Sources of Other Income include:

    • A margin between client costs and vendor costs
    • A markup on vendor costs
    • A partial client passback on a vendor discount


    Calculated

    Depends on the source of the additional income.

    A Shared Block
    shared-block-keyAllocated-Fee-Cost

    Client Net Cost of any fees applied to the line, where the fee is a percentage of the Allocated Amount

    Calculated